Bibliografia

1X Technologies. (2025, 28 ottobre). NEO: The home robot [Annuncio]. https://www.1x.tech/discover/neo-home-robot

1X Technologies. (2026). NEO Factory: Building your NEO. https://www.1x.tech/discover/neo-factory

A&O Shearman. (2025). A&O Shearman and Harvey to roll out agentic AI agents targeting complex legal workflows. https://www.aoshearman.com/en/news/ao-shearman-and-harvey-to-roll-out-agentic-ai-agents-targeting-complex-legal-workflows

Abadi, M., Barham, P., Chen, J., Chen, Z., Davis, A., Dean, J., Devin, M., Ghemawat, S., Irving, G., Isard, M., Kudlur, M., Levenberg, J., Monga, R., Moore, S., Murray, D. G., Steiner, B., Tucker, P., Vasudevan, V., … Zheng, X. (2016). TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI ’16) (pp. 265–283). https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.08695

Abdin, M., Aneja, J., Behl, H., Bubeck, S., Eldan, R., Gunasekar, S., Harrison, M., Hewett, R. J., Javaheripi, M., Kauffmann, P., Lee, J. R., Lee, Y. T., Li, Y., Liu, W., Mendes, C. C. T., Nguyen, A., Price, E., de Rosa, G., Saarikivi, O., ... Zhang, Y. (2024). Phi-4 technical report. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.08905

Abramson, J., Adler, J., Dunger, J., Evans, R., Green, T., Pritzel, A., Ronneberger, O., Willmore, L., Ballard, A. J., Bambrick, J., Bodenstein, S. W., Evans, D. A., Hung, C.-C., O’Neill, M., Reiman, D., Tunyasuvunakool, K., Wu, Z., Žemgulytė, A., Arber, C., … Jumper, J. M. (2024). Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. Nature, 630, 493–500. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w

AFT. (2025, 8 luglio). AFT to launch National Academy for AI Instruction with Microsoft, OpenAI, Anthropic and United Federation of Teachers [Comunicato stampa]. https://www.aft.org/press-release/aft-launch-national-academy-ai-instruction-microsoft-openai-anthropic-and-united

Agar, J. (2020). What is science for? The Lighthill report on artificial intelligence reinterpreted. The British Journal for the History of Science, 53(3), 289–310.

Agentic AI Foundation. (2026, 17 agosto). A2A joins AAIF’s open agentic stack. Agentic AI Foundation. https://aaif.io/blog/a2a-joins-aaif

Agenzia per l’Italia Digitale. (2024). Strategia italiana per l’Intelligenza Artificiale 2024–2026. https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Strategia_italiana_per_l_Intelligenza_artificiale_2024-2026.pdf

AI4I. (2025). The Institute. Istituto Italiano per l’Intelligenza Artificiale per l’Industria. https://ai4i.it/the-institute/

AI4I. (2026, 20 febbraio). Piano strategico 2026–2030. Istituto Italiano per l’Intelligenza Artificiale. https://ai4i.it/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/AI4I_strategic_plan_public.pdf

AI4T. (2024). Artificial Intelligence for and by Teachers: Final report. France Éducation International. https://www.ai4t.eu/

AISI. (2025, 18 dicembre). Frontier AI Trends Report. UK AI Security Institute. https://www.aisi.gov.uk/frontier-ai-trends-report

AISI. (2026, 19 febbraio). Funding 60 projects to advance AI alignment research. UK AI Security Institute. https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/funding-60-projects-to-advance-ai-alignment-research

Al Jazeera. (2026, 11 marzo). US military confirms use of ‘advanced AI tools’ in war against Iran. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/11/us-military-confirms-use-of-advanced-ai-tools-in-war-against-iran

Alam, F. (2025). How AI shaped the Iran-Israel 12-day war. The Daily Star. https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/how-ai-shaped-iran-israel-12-day-war-3927726

Almawave. (2025, 29 gennaio). Almawave presenta Velvet: l’IA italiana sostenibile ed efficace [Comunicato stampa]. Almaviva. https://www.almaviva.it/dam/jcr:b616f310-ef0a-4d42-81f9-c8d1acdd0543/CS_ITA_Almawave%20presenta%20Velvet_29.1.25.pdf

Altvater, D. (2026, 10 marzo). Melanie Perkins. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/melanie-perkins/

Amini, A., & Soleimany, A. (2019). MIT 6.S191: Introduction to Deep Learning, Lecture 1 [slide del corso]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://introtodeeplearning.com/2019/materials/2019_6S191_L1.pdf

Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., & Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias: Risk assessments in criminal sentencing. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing

Ansari, A. F., Stella, L., Turkmen, C., Zhang, X., Mercado, P., Shen, H., Shchur, O., Rangapuram, S. S., Arango, S. P., Kapoor, S., Zschiegner, J., Maddix, D. C., Wang, H., Mahoney, M. W., Torber, K., Wilson, A. G., Bohlke-Schneider, M., & Gasthaus, J. (2024). Chronos: Learning the language of time series. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07815

Anthropic. (2024, 19 dicembre). Building effective agents. Engineering at Anthropic. https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/building-effective-agents

Anthropic. (2025a, 13 giugno). How we built our multi-agent research system. Engineering at Anthropic. https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/multi-agent-research-system

Anthropic. (2025b, 9 dicembre). Donating the Model Context Protocol and establishing the Agentic AI Foundation. https://www.anthropic.com/news/donating-the-model-context-protocol-and-establishing-of-the-agentic-ai-foundation

Anthropic. (2025c, 17 giugno). Commercial Terms of Service. https://www.anthropic.com/legal/commercial-terms

Anthropic. (2026a, 22 gennaio). Claude’s Constitution. https://www.anthropic.com/constitution (consultata il 24 agosto 2026)

Anthropic. (2026b, 30 giugno). Redeploying Claude Fable 5. https://www.anthropic.com/news/redeploying-fable-5

Anthropic. (2026c). Extended thinking. Claude Platform Docs. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/extended-thinking (consultata il 27 agosto 2026)

Anthropic. (2026d, 1 settembre). Introducing Claude Fable 5.1 and Claude Mythos 5.1. https://www.anthropic.com/claude-fable-and-mythos-5-1

Apple. (2024a). Private Cloud Compute: A new frontier for AI privacy in the cloud. Apple Security Research. https://security.apple.com/blog/private-cloud-compute/

Apple. (2024b, 10 giugno). Arriva Apple Intelligence per iPhone, iPad e Mac. https://www.apple.com/it/newsroom/2024/06/introducing-apple-intelligence-for-iphone-ipad-and-mac/

Apple. (2025a). Apple Intelligence Foundation Language Models: Tech report 2025. Apple machine learning Research. https://machinelearning.apple.com/research/apple-foundation-models-tech-report-2025

Apple. (2025b). Apple’s Foundation Models framework unlocks new intelligent app experiences. Apple Newsroom. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/09/apples-foundation-models-framework-unlocks-new-intelligent-app-experiences/

Asimov, I. (1942). Runaround. Astounding Science Fiction.

Asimov, I. (1950). I, Robot. Gnome Press.

AWS. (2025). Make agents a reality with Amazon Bedrock AgentCore. Amazon Web Services. https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/amazon-bedrock-agentcore-is-now-generally-available/

Axios. (2025, 20 febbraio). OpenAI, Anthropic, Google again promise “artificial general intelligence” in “a few years”. Axios. https://www.axios.com/2025/02/20/ai-agi-timeline-promises-openai-anthropic-deepmind

Bai, Y., Kadavath, S., Kundu, S., Askell, A., et al. (2022). Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI feedback. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073

Bastani, H., Bastani, O., Sungu, A., Ge, H., Kabakcı, Ö., & Mariman, R. (2025). Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: Evidence from high school mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(26). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422633122

Bellan, R. (2026, 26 giugno). OpenAI limits GPT-5.6 rollout after government request, says restrictions shouldn’t be the norm. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2026/06/26/openai-limits-gpt-5-6-rollout-after-government-request-says-restrictions-shouldnt-be-the-norm/

Bellan, R. (2025, 2 dicembre). Mistral closes in on Big AI rivals with new open-weight frontier and small models. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/02/mistral-closes-in-on-big-ai-rivals-with-mistral-3-open-weight-frontier-and-small-models/

Bendett, S., & Kirichenko, D. (2025, 10 gennaio). Battlefield Drones and the Accelerating Autonomous Arms Race in Ukraine. Modern War Institute. https://mwi.westpoint.edu/battlefield-drones-and-the-accelerating-autonomous-arms-race-in-ukraine/

BIRD-SQL Benchmark. (2026). Leaderboard. https://bird-bench.github.io/ (consultata il 5 agosto 2026)

Bloomberg. (2025). How Ukraine’s drone arsenal shocked Russia and changed modern warfare. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2025-ukraine-drones-explainer/

Bloomberg. (2026, 24 febbraio). AI chip startup MatX raises $500 million to compete with Nvidia. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-02-24/ai-chip-startup-matx-raises-500-million-to-compete-with-nvidia

BMW. (2026, marzo). BMW Group to deploy humanoid robots in production in Germany for the first time [Comunicato stampa]. https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0455864EN/

Bondar, K. (2025, 2 giugno). How Ukraine’s Operation “Spider’s Web” Redefines Asymmetric Warfare. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-ukraines-spider-web-operation-redefines-asymmetric-warfare

Boole, G. (1854). An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities. Walton and Maberly.

Bort, J. (2026a, 25 marzo). Harvey confirms $11B valuation: Sequoia triples down. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/25/harvey-confirms-11b-valuation-sequoia-triples-down/

Bort, J. (2026b, 14 maggio). Cerebras raises $5.5B, then stock pops 108%, in the first huge tech IPO of 2026. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/14/cerebras-raises-5-5b-kicking-off-2026s-ipo-season-with-a-bang/

Boston Dynamics. (2026, 5 gennaio). Boston Dynamics unveils new Atlas robot to revolutionize industry [Comunicato stampa]. https://bostondynamics.com/blog/boston-dynamics-unveils-new-atlas-robot-to-revolutionize-industry/

Bradford, A. (2020). The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World. Oxford University Press.

Briggs, P., Kodnani, A., Hatzius, J., & Pierdomenico, F. (2023). The potentially large effects of artificial intelligence on economic growth. Global Economics Analyst, Goldman Sachs (copia ospitata da Key4biz). https://www.key4biz.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Global-Economics-Analyst_-The-Potentially-Large-Effects-of-Artificial-Intelligence-on-Economic-Growth-Briggs_Kodnani.pdf

Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., … Amodei, D. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165

CAC. (2025, 1 settembre). Labeling Rules for AI-Generated Content. Cyberspace Administration of China.

Caixin Global. (2026, 3 luglio). Unitree Robotics wins approval for $618 million STAR Market IPO. Caixin. https://www.caixinglobal.com/2026-07-03/unitree-robotics-wins-approval-for-618-million-star-market-ipo-102460136.html

Carlson, T., & Putin, V. (2024). Intervista di Tucker Carlson a Vladimir Putin. Rev. https://www.rev.com/transcripts/tucker-carlson-interviews-vladimir-putin-transcript

Cerebras Systems. (2024). Cerebras CS-3 vs. Nvidia B200: 2024 AI accelerators compared. Cerebras Systems. https://www.cerebras.ai/blog/cerebras-cs-3-vs-nvidia-b200-2024-ai-accelerators-compared

Cerebras Systems. (2026, 3 febbraio). Cerebras Systems raises $1 billion Series H [Comunicato stampa]. https://www.cerebras.ai/press-release/cerebras-systems-raises-usd1-billion-series-h

Chakraburty, S., Ober, T. M., & Liu, L. (2025, novembre). Preparing K-12 students with AI literacy: Proposed framework, progression, and task design principles (Research Report No. RR-25-14). ETS. https://rr.ets.org/index.php/etsrr/article/view/31

Chatham House. (2026, marzo). Anthropic’s feud with the Pentagon reveals the limits of AI governance. Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2026/03/anthropics-feud-pentagon-reveals-limits-ai-governance

Chen, C. (2025, 24 gennaio). How a top Chinese AI model overcame US sanctions. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/01/24/1110526/china-deepseek-top-ai-despite-sanctions/

Chen, J., Song, L., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2018). Explainable recommendation: A survey and new perspectives. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.11192.

China Law Translate. (2023, 13 luglio). Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services. China Law Translate. https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/generative-ai-interim/

China Law Translate. (2025, 27 dicembre). Provisional Measures on the Administration of Human-like Interactive Artificial Intelligence Services （Draft for Solicitation of Comments）. China Law Translate. https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/chatbot-measures-draft/

Christoffel, R. (2026, 25 marzo). New details on Apple-Google AI deal revealed, including Gemini changes: report. 9to5Mac. https://9to5mac.com/2026/03/25/new-details-on-apple-google-ai-deal-revealed-including-gemini-changes-report/

Chroma Research. (2025). Context Rot: How Increasing Input Tokens Impacts LLM Performance. Chroma Technical Report. https://www.trychroma.com/research/context-rot

Church, G. M., Gao, Y., & Kosuri, S. (2012). Next-generation digital information storage in DNA. Science, 337(6102), 1628. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226355

Claburn, T. (2026, 2 settembre). With Gemini 3.8 Flash, Google reminds everyone it’s still in the race. The Register. https://www.theregister.com/ai-and-ml/2026/09/02/with-gemini-38-flash-google-reminds-everyone-its-still-in-the-race/5294049

Clover, J. (2026, 12 febbraio). Apple Confirms Revamped Siri is Still Coming in 2026. MacRumors. https://www.macrumors.com/2026/02/12/siri-ios-26-launch-confirmed-apple/

CNBC. (2023, 9 febbraio). Alphabet shares fall 7% following Google’s A.I. event. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/08/alphabet-shares-slip-following-googles-ai-event-.html

CNBC. (2025, 24 dicembre). Nvidia buying AI chip startup Groq’s assets for about $20 billion in its largest deal on record. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/12/24/nvidia-buying-ai-chip-startup-groq-for-about-20-billion-biggest-deal.html

CNBC. (2026g, 20 febbraio). Tesla loses bid to toss $243 million verdict in fatal Autopilot crash suit. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/20/tesla-loses-bid-toss-243-million-verdict-fatal-autopilot-crash-suit.html

CNBC. (2026a, 3 febbraio). Musk’s xAI, SpaceX combo is the biggest merger of all time, valued at $1.25 trillion. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/03/musk-xai-spacex-biggest-merger-ever.html

CNBC. (2026b, 26 marzo). Anthropic wins preliminary injunction in DOD fight as judge cites ‘First Amendment retaliation’. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/26/anthropic-pentagon-dod-claude-court-ruling.html

CNBC. (2026d, 30 giugno). Anthropic says Trump admin has lifted export controls on Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/30/anthropic-says-trump-admin-has-lifted-export-controls-on-claude-fable-5-and-mythos-5.html

CNBC. (2026e, 8 aprile). Anthropic loses appeals court bid to temporarily block Pentagon blacklisting. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/08/anthropic-pentagon-court-ruling-supply-chain-risk.html

CNBC. (2026f, 12 giugno). SpaceX IPO takeaways: SPCX closes at $161, jumping 19% after record debut. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/12/spacex-ipo-spcx-live-updates.html

Commissione Europea. (2023, 30 ottobre). G7 Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems. Shaping Europe’s digital future. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/hiroshima-process-international-code-conduct-advanced-ai-systems

Commissione Europea. (2026a, 31 luglio). AI Act. Shaping Europe’s digital future. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai

Commissione Europea. (2026b, 31 luglio). European AI Office. Shaping Europe’s digital future. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-office

Commissione Europea. (2025a, 16 giugno). Digital Decade 2025 country reports - Italy (Commission Staff Working Document SWD(2025) 294 final, Part 15/27). Direzione generale delle Reti di comunicazione, dei contenuti e delle tecnologie. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-decade-2025-country-reports

Commissione Europea. (2025b, 11 febbraio). EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence [Comunicato stampa]. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_467

Commissione Europea. (2026c, 17 giugno). State of the Digital Decade 2026: Closing structural gaps and mobilising investments for 2030 and beyond. Shaping Europe’s digital future. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/state-digital-decade-2026-closing-structural-gaps-and-mobilising-investments-2030-and-beyond

Common Crawl. (2026). Distribution of languages (Common Crawl statistics). https://commoncrawl.github.io/cc-crawl-statistics/plots/languages

Consiglio dell’Unione Europea. (2026, 29 giugno). Artificial Intelligence: Council gives final green light to simplify and streamline rules. Consilium. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2026/06/29/artificial-intelligence-council-gives-final-green-light-to-simplify-and-streamline-rules/

Consiglio d’Europa. (2024, 5 settembre). Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225). https://rm.coe.int/1680afae3c

CSIS. (2025). The Russia-Ukraine drone war: Innovation on the frontlines and beyond. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-ukraine-drone-war-innovation-frontlines-and-beyond

Dastin, J. (2018, 10 ottobre). Amazon scrapped ‘AI recruiting tool’ that showed bias against women. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/insight-amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK0AG/

Dataconomy. (2026, 16 marzo). DeepSeek V4 and Tencent’s new Hunyuan model to launch in April. Dataconomy. https://dataconomy.com/2026/03/16/deepseek-v4-and-tencents-new-hunyuan-model-to-launch-in-april/

Dataconomy. (2026, 23 febbraio). DeepSeek V4 Lite surfaces with breakthrough SVG generation skills. Dataconomy. https://dataconomy.com/2026/02/23/deepseek-v4-lite-surfaces-with-breakthrough-svg-generation-skills/

DeepMind. (2022). AlphaFold. Google DeepMind. https://deepmind.google/science/alphafold/

DeepSeek. (2025, 20 gennaio). DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in LLMs via reinforcement learning. https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news250120

Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. (2025a, 13 gennaio). AI Opportunities Action Plan. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan

Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. (2025b, 15 dicembre). Copyright and artificial intelligence: progress report. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-progress-report

Descartes, R. (1993). Discourse on Method; and, Meditations on First Philosophy (D. A. Cress, Trad.). Hackett.

Dipartimento per la trasformazione digitale. (2025). Approvata in via definitiva la legge italiana sull’Intelligenza Artificiale. https://innovazione.gov.it/notizie/articoli/approvata-in-via-definitiva-la-legge-italiana-sull-intelligenza-artificiale/

Dosovitskiy, A., Beyer, L., Kolesnikov, A., Weissenborn, D., Zhai, X., Unterthiner, T., Dehghani, M., Minderer, M., Heigold, G., Gelly, S., Uszkoreit, J., & Houlsby, N. (2020). An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929

Edelman, Y., Denain, J.-S., Sevilla, J., & Ho, A. (2025, 26 settembre). Why GPT-5 used less training compute than GPT-4.5 (but GPT-6 probably won’t). Epoch AI. https://epoch.ai/gradient-updates/why-gpt5-used-less-training-compute-than-gpt45-but-gpt6-probably-wont

Edwards, B. (2025, 1 aprile). MCP: The new “USB-C for AI” that’s bringing fierce rivals together. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2025/04/mcp-the-new-usb-c-for-ai-thats-bringing-fierce-rivals-together/

Egan, M. (2025, 13 agosto). The “godfather of AI” reveals the only way humanity can survive superintelligent AI. CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/13/tech/ai-geoffrey-hinton

Electrek. (2026, 20 luglio). Florida AG asks court to erase Tesla’s $243M Autopilot crash verdict. Electrek. https://electrek.co/2026/07/20/florida-ag-tesla-243m-autopilot-verdict/

Elish, M. C. (2019). Moral crumple zones: Cautionary tales in human-robot interaction. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society, 5, 40–60. https://estsjournal.org/index.php/ests/article/view/260

Élysée. (2025, 11 febbraio). Make France an AI powerhouse. https://www.elysee.fr/en/emmanuel-macron/2025/02/11/make-france-an-ai-powerhouse

Enel. (2023, 8 febbraio). How AI accelerates the energy transition. Open Innovability. https://openinnovability.enel.com/media/insights/2023/02/how-ai-accelerates-energy-transition

Eurostat. (2026). ICT specialists in employment. Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=ICT_specialists_in_employment

Executive Office of the President. (2023, 1 novembre). Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/11/01/2023-24283/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence

Executive Office of the President. (2025, 16 dicembre). Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence (Executive Order 14365). Federal Register, 90 FR 58499. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/12/16/2025-23092/ensuring-a-national-policy-framework-for-artificial-intelligence

Export-Import Bank of the United States. (2026, 2 febbraio). EXIM approves Project Vault loan to launch America’s Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve and support manufacturing jobs [Comunicato stampa]. https://www.exim.gov/news/project-vault

Faggin, F., & D’Ariano, G. M. (2024). Quantum fields are conscious: A groundbreaking new theory. Essentia Foundation.

Fascendini, B., McGregor, K., Gupta, M. D., & Griffiths, T. L. (2026, 25 giugno). The riddle riddle: Testing flexible reasoning in large language models and humans [Preprint]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.27103

Feigenbaum, E., & Lederberg, J. (1965). DENDRAL: A computer program for generating and filtering chemical structures. Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, 26, 221–232.

Figure AI. (2025, settembre). Figure exceeds $1B in Series C funding at $39B post-money valuation [Comunicato stampa]. https://www.figure.ai/news/series-c

Financial Times. (2024, 29 aprile). Financial Times announces strategic partnership with OpenAI. https://aboutus.ft.com/press_release/openai

Financial Times. (2025). AI Agents: From co-pilot to autopilot. Tech for Growth Forum. https://www.ft.com/tech-for-growth-forum

Firth, J. R. (1957). Papers in Linguistics 1934–1951 (p. 11). Oxford University Press.

Fitts, P. M. (A cura di). (1951). Human engineering for an effective air-navigation and traffic-control system. National Research Council.

Floridi, L. (2022). Climate change and the terrible hope. Philosophy and Technology, 36(1).

Floridi, L. (2023). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Principles, Challenges, and Opportunities. Oxford University Press.

Forbes.it. (2025, 17 gennaio). iGenius lancia Colosseum 355B, il nuovo modello di linguaggio basato sulle tecnologie Nvidia. Forbes Italia. https://forbes.it/2025/01/17/igenius-lancia-colosseum-355b-modello-basato-tecnologie-nvidia

Fridman, L. (2025, 24 luglio). Timeline for AGI: 2030 with 50% chance | Demis Hassabis and Lex Fridman [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9Knc3Mdcec

Fried, I. (2026, 3 settembre). “Welcome to the AGI era,” OpenAI says as GPT-6 Astra debuts. Axios. https://www.axios.com/2026/09/03/openai-astra-gpt-6-agi-brockman

Fukushima, K. (1980). Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position. Biological Cybernetics, 36(4), 193–202.

G42. (2025). Global tech alliance launches Stargate UAE [Comunicato stampa]. https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/global-tech-alliance-launches-stargate-uae

Gasgoo Auto News. (2026, 23 marzo). Unitree Robotics IPO reaches key milestone. https://autonews.gasgoo.com/articles/news/unitree-robotics-ipo-reaches-key-milestone-2036052042919866369

Gazzetta Ufficiale. (2025, 25 settembre). Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132: Disposizioni e deleghe al Governo in materia di intelligenza artificiale. Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, Serie generale, n. 223. https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00143/sg

Generali. (2024). Generali’s GenAI Revolution: Transforming business landscapes with conversational generative artificial intelligence. Generali. https://www.generali.com/info/discovering-generali/all/2024/Generali-s-GenAI-Revolution-Transforming-Business-Landscapes-with-Conversational-Generative-Artificial-Intelligence

Ghosh, A., Kaffee, L.-A., Jernite, Y., & Solaiman, I. (2026, 17 marzo). State of open source on Hugging Face: Spring 2026. Hugging Face Blog. https://huggingface.co/blog/huggingface/state-of-os-hf-spring-2026

GitHub. (2025). Octoverse 2025: AI leads Python to top language. https://github.blog/news-insights/octoverse/

GitHub. (2026). Supported AI models in GitHub Copilot. GitHub Docs. https://docs.github.com/en/copilot/reference/ai-models/supported-models

Global Times. (2025, 19 aprile). Beijing hosts world’s first humanoid robot half-marathon. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202504/1332429.shtml

Gloeckle, F., Youbi Idrissi, B., Rozière, B., Lopez-Paz, D., & Synnaeve, G. (2024). Better & faster large language models via multi-token prediction. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2404.19737

Goddard, K., Roudsari, A., & Wyatt, J. C. (2012). Automation bias: A systematic review of frequency, effect mediators, and mitigators. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 19(1), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000089

Gödel, K. (1931). Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I. Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik, 38, 173–198.

Goff, T. L. (2025). Not greenwashing, but still… A closer look at big tech’s 2025 sustainability reports. Policy Review. https://policyreview.info/articles/news/big-techs-2025-sustainability-reports/2027

Goodfellow, I., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Generative adversarial nets. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 2672–2680).

Google DeepMind. (2020, 12 marzo). AlphaGo - The Movie [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXuK6gekU1Y

Google DeepMind. (2023, 20 aprile). Announcing Google DeepMind. Google DeepMind Blog. https://deepmind.google/blog/announcing-google-deepmind/

Google DeepMind. (2025, 5 agosto). Genie 3: A new frontier for world models. https://deepmind.google/blog/genie-3-a-new-frontier-for-world-models/

Google DeepMind. (2026, 19 febbraio). Gemini 3.1 Pro: A smarter model for your most complex tasks. Google Blog. https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/gemini-models/gemini-3-1-pro/

Google. (2024, 11 dicembre). Google introduces Gemini 2.0: A new AI model for the agentic era. Google Blog. https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-deepmind/google-gemini-ai-update-december-2024/

Google. (2025a). 2025 Environmental Report. Google Sustainability. https://sustainability.google/reports/google-2025-environmental-report/

Google. (2025b, novembre). Ironwood: The first Google TPU for the age of inference. Google Cloud Blog. https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/infrastructure-and-cloud/google-cloud/ironwood-tpu-age-of-inference/

Google. (2026a, 16 aprile). A year of open collaboration: Celebrating the anniversary of A2A. Google Open Source Blog. https://opensource.googleblog.com/2026/04/a-year-of-open-collaboration-celebrating-the-anniversary-of-a2a.html

Google. (2026b, 2 settembre). Introducing Gemini 3.8 Flash and 3.8 Flash Cyber. Google Blog. https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/gemini-models/3-8-flash-and-3-8-flash-cyber/

Google e Apple. (2026, 12 gennaio). Joint statement from Google and Apple. The Keyword. https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/company-announcements/joint-statement-google-apple/

Groq. (2024, 13 febbraio). Groq LPU Inference Engine leads in first independent LLM benchmark. Groq. https://groq.com/news_press/groq-lpu-inference-engine-leads-in-first-independent-llm-benchmark/

Group of Seven (G7). (2024). Apulia G7 Leaders’ Communiqué. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/fttjqncg/apulia-g7-leaders-communique.pdf

Guingrich, R. E., Mehta, D., & Bhatt, U. (2026). Belief offloading in human-AI interaction. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.08754

Ha, D., & Schmidhuber, J. (2018). World models. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.10122

H.R.6216 - 116th Congress. (2020, 12 marzo). National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020. https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6216

Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Krevelen, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J. F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., … Oliphant, T. E. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585, 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2

Harvard Business Review. (2023). How AI can scale personalization and creativity in marketing. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/sponsored/2023/08/how-ai-can-scale-personalization-and-creativity-in-marketing

Hinton, G. (2024, 10 dicembre). Banquet speech. NobelPrize.org. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/hinton/speech/

Hoffmann, J., Borgeaud, S., Mensch, A., Buchatskaya, E., Cai, T., Rutherford, E., de Las Casas, D., Hendricks, L. A., Welbl, J., Clark, A., … Sifre, L. (2022). Training compute-optimal large language models. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.15556

Human Rights Watch. (2024, 10 settembre). Questions and answers: Israeli military’s use of digital tools in Gaza. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/10/questions-and-answers-israeli-militarys-use-digital-tools-gaza

IBM Research. (2013, 6 novembre). Watson and the Jeopardy! Challenge [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P18EdAKuC1U

IEA. (2025a). Electricity 2025: Analysis and forecast to 2027. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2025

IEA. (2025b). Energy demand from AI. In Energy and AI. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai

IEA. (2026). Key Questions on Energy and AI. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/key-questions-on-energy-and-ai

iGenius. (2024). iGenius lancia il primo Foundational LLM 100% open source [Comunicato stampa]. https://www.igenius.ai/comunicati/italia-primo-foundational-llm-open-source

ILO. (2025, maggio). Generative AI and jobs: A refined global index of occupational exposure (ILO Working Paper 140). International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure

IMF. (2024). Gen-AI: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2024/01/14/Gen-AI-Artificial-Intelligence-and-the-Future-of-Work-542379

IntuitionLabs. (2025). Understanding Mixture of Experts (MoE) neural networks. IntuitionLabs. https://intuitionlabs.ai/articles/mixture-of-experts-moe-models

IntuitionLabs. (2026). FDA’s AI medical device list: Stats, trends & regulation. IntuitionLabs. https://intuitionlabs.ai/articles/fda-ai-medical-device-tracker

Isomorphic Labs. (2024, 8 gennaio). Isomorphic Labs kicks off 2024 with two pharmaceutical collaborations. Isomorphic Labs. https://www.isomorphiclabs.com/articles/isomorphic-labs-kicks-off-2024-with-two-pharmaceutical-collaborations

Isomorphic Labs. (2025, 31 marzo). Isomorphic Labs announces $600m external investment round. https://www.isomorphiclabs.com/articles/isomorphic-labs-announces-600m-external-investment-round

Isomorphic Labs. (2026, 12 maggio). Isomorphic Labs secures $2.1 billion funding to scale its AI drug design engine [Comunicato stampa]. BioSpace. https://www.biospace.com/press-releases/isomorphic-labs-secures-2-1-billion-funding-to-scale-its-ai-drug-design-engine

Jensen, B. (2025, 13 giugno). Ungentlemanly Robots: Israel’s Operation Rising Lion and the New Way of War. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/ungentlemanly-robots-israels-operation-rising-lion-and-new-way-war

Jevons, W. S. (1865). The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal-Mines. Macmillan.

Jones, C. R., & Bergen, B. K. (2024). People cannot distinguish GPT-4 from a human in a Turing test. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.08007

Jones, C. R., & Bergen, B. K. (2026). Large language models pass a standard three-party Turing test. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 123(21). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524472123

Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A., Green, T., Figurnov, M., Ronneberger, O., Tunyasuvunakool, K., Bates, R., Žídek, A., Potapenko, A., Bridgland, A., Meyer, C., Kohl, S. A. A., Ballard, A. J., Cowie, A., Romera-Paredes, B., Nikolov, S., Jain, R., Adler, J., … Hassabis, D. (2021). Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature, 596, 583–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2

Kamradt, G. (2026, 3 settembre). OpenAI’s GPT-6 Astra on ARC-AGI-3. ARC Prize. https://arcprize.org/blog/astra

Kaplan, J., McCandlish, S., Henighan, T., Brown, T. B., Chess, B., Child, R., Gray, S., Radford, A., Wu, J., & Amodei, D. (2020). Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361

Khan Academy. (2025). Annual report SY24–25. https://annualreport.khanacademy.org/

Kleinberg, J., & Raghavan, M. (2021). Algorithmic monoculture and social welfare. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(22). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018340118

Kojima, T., Gu, S. S., Reid, M., Matsuo, Y., & Iwasawa, Y. (2022). Large language models are zero-shot reasoners. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (NeurIPS 2022). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.11916

Korosec, K. (2026a, 24 febbraio). Waymo robotaxis are now operating in 10 US cities. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/24/waymo-robotaxis-are-now-operating-in-10-us-cities/

Korosec, K. (2026b, 27 marzo). Waymo’s skyrocketing ridership in one chart. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/27/waymo-skyrocketing-ridership-in-one-chart/

Korosec, K. (2026c, 1 settembre). Waymo accelerates robotaxi expansion with launches in Denver, San Diego, and Tampa. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2026/09/01/waymo-accelerates-robotaxi-expansion-with-launches-in-denver-san-diego-and-tampa/

Koyuncu, B., Kwon, B., Lombardi, M., Perez-Cruz, F., & Shin, H. S. (2026). Introducing BISTRO: a foundational model for unconditional and conditional forecasting of macroeconomic time series. BIS Working Papers, No. 1337. https://www.bis.org/publ/work1337.htm

Kusano, K. D., Scanlon, J. M., Chen, Y., McMurry, T. L., Gode, T., & Victor, T. (2025). Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only crash rates by crash type to human benchmarks at 56.7 million miles. Traffic Injury Prevention, 26(sup1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2499887

LeCun, Y. (2026, marzo). AMI Labs. https://amilabs.xyz/

LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521, 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539

LeCun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., & Haffner, P. (1998). Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(11), 2278–2324. https://doi.org/10.1109/5.726791

Leibniz, G. W. (1666). Dissertatio de arte combinatoria. Lipsiae: Typis Weidmannianis.

Leonardo. (2023, 5 aprile). Le applicazioni dell’Intelligenza Artificiale in Leonardo. Leonardo. https://www.leonardo.com/en/focus-detail/-/detail/leonardo_applicazioni_intelligenza_artificiale-1

Lewis, P., Perez, E., Piktus, A., Petroni, F., Karpukhin, V., Goyal, N., Küttler, H., Lewis, M., Yih, W., Rocktäschel, T., Riedel, S., & Kiela, D. (2020). Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.11401

Li, A. (2026, 8 giugno). Google AI Plus gets price drop to $4.99 and storage bump. 9to5Google. https://9to5google.com/2026/06/08/google-ai-plus-price-drop/

Li, P., Yang, J., Islam, M. A., & Ren, S. (2023). Making AI less “thirsty”: Uncovering and addressing the secret water footprint of AI models. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.03271

Lighthill, J. (1973). Artificial Intelligence: A general survey. In Artificial Intelligence: A Paper Symposium. Science Research Council.

Linux Foundation. (2026, 9 aprile). A2A Protocol surpasses 150 organizations, lands in major cloud platforms, and sees enterprise production use in first year [Comunicato stampa]. https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press/a2a-protocol-surpasses-150-organizations-lands-in-major-cloud-platforms-and-sees-enterprise-production-use-in-first-year

Liu, N. F., Lin, K., Hewitt, J., Paranjape, A., Bevilacqua, M., Petroni, F., & Liang, P. (2024). Lost in the middle: How language models use long contexts. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 12, 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00638

Livingstone, K. (2026, 24 marzo). Deadly Iran school strike casts shadow over Pentagon’s AI targeting push. Navy Times. https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-military/2026/03/24/deadly-iran-school-strike-casts-shadow-over-pentagons-ai-targeting-push/

LMSYS Chatbot Arena Leaderboard. (2024). https://chat.lmsys.org/?leaderboard

Ludvigsen, K. G. A. (2023, 18 luglio). The carbon footprint of GPT-4. Towards Data Science. https://towardsdatascience.com/the-carbon-footprint-of-gpt-4-d6c676eb21ae/

Lundberg, S. M., & Lee, S. I. (2017). A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 4765–4774).

Lynch, S. (2026, 19 febbraio). AI Challenges Core Assumptions in Education. Stanford HAI. https://hai.stanford.edu/news/ai-challenges-core-assumptions-in-education

Ma, J. (2025, 28 dicembre). “Godfather of AI” Geoffrey Hinton predicts 2026 will see the technology get even better and gain the ability to “replace many other jobs”. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2025/12/28/geoffrey-hinton-godfather-of-ai-2026-prediction-human-worker-replacement/

Ma, S., Wang, H., Huang, S., Zhang, X., Hu, Y., Song, T., Xia, Y., & Wei, F. (2025). BitNet b1.58 2B4T technical report. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12285

MacroPolo. (2023). Methodology for Global AI Talent Tracker 2.0. https://digitalprojectsarchive.org/interactive/digital-projects/the-global-ai-talent-tracker/

MacRumors. (2026, 11 febbraio). New Siri runs into problems, features could be pushed to iOS 26.5 and iOS 27. MacRumors. https://www.macrumors.com/2026/02/11/siri-features-delayed-ios-26-4/

Maddyness. (2026, 23 gennaio). Mistral AI on track to reach one billion euros in revenue by 2026. Maddyness UK. https://www.maddyness.com/uk/2026/01/23/mistral-ai-on-track-to-reach-one-billion-euros-in-revenue-by-2026/

Manakul, P., Liusie, A., & Gales, M. J. F. (2023). SelfCheckGPT: Zero-resource black-box hallucination detection for generative large language models. In Proceedings of EMNLP 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.08896

Masera, R. (2024, 9 ottobre). Economics, society and scarcity: The new world and challenges of systems of infrastructures and AI. Intervento all’evento organizzato dal Prof. F. Gaspari, Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi, Roma.

MatX. (2024, 25 agosto). Revolutionizing AI chip design: The rise of MatX in Silicon Valley. Multiplatori AI. https://multiplatform.ai/revolutionizing-ai-chip-design-the-rise-of-matx-in-silicon-valley/

Maynez, J., Narayan, S., Bohnet, B., & McDonald, R. (2020). On faithfulness and factuality in abstractive summarization. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 1906-1919). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.173

McCann, J. (2025, 17 giugno). How States Are Responding to the Rise of AI in Education. Education Commission of the States. https://www.ecs.org/artificial-intelligence-ai-education-task-forces/

McCarthy, J. (2007, 12 novembre). What is artificial intelligence? Stanford University. https://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai.pdf

McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, August 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12–14. (Opera originale pubblicata nel 1955) https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904

McCulloch, W. S., & Pitts, W. (1943). A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 5(4), 115–133.

McKinney, W. (2022). Python for Data Analysis (3ª ed.). O’Reilly Media. https://wesmckinney.com/book/

McKinsey Global Institute. (2023, 26 luglio). Generative AI and the future of work in America. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/generative-ai-and-the-future-of-work-in-america

Mehreen, K. (2026, 17 marzo). OpenClaw Explained: The Free AI Agent Tool Going Viral Already in 2026. KDnuggets. https://www.kdnuggets.com/openclaw-explained-the-free-ai-agent-tool-going-viral-already-in-2026

Mehta, I. (2026, 18 febbraio). Canva gets to $4B in revenue as LLM referral traffic rises. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/18/canva-gets-to-4b-in-revenue-as-llm-referral-traffic-rises/

Menabrea, L. F. (1842). Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage. In A. A. Lovelace (Trad.), Scientific Memoirs (Vol. 3). Richard and John E. Taylor.

Meta AI. (2024, 18 aprile). Introducing Meta Llama 3: The most capable openly available LLM to date. https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3/

Meta AI. (2025, 5 aprile). The Llama 4 herd: The beginning of a new era of natively multimodal AI innovation. https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-4-multimodal-intelligence/

Meta AI. (2026a, 8 aprile). Introducing Muse Spark: Scaling towards personal superintelligence. https://ai.meta.com/blog/introducing-muse-spark-msl/

Meta AI. (2026b, 2 settembre). Introducing Muse Spark 1.3. Meta AI Research. https://research.meta.ai/blog/introducing-muse-spark-1-3

Microsoft. (2025a). BitNet: 1-bit large language models. GitHub. https://github.com/microsoft/BitNet

Microsoft. (2025b, 1 maggio). Reasoning reimagined: Introducing Phi-4-mini-flash-reasoning. Microsoft Azure Blog. https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/reasoning-reimagined-introducing-phi-4-mini-flash-reasoning/

Microsoft. (2025c, 28 ottobre). The next chapter of the Microsoft–OpenAI partnership. The Official Microsoft Blog. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/10/28/the-next-chapter-of-the-microsoft-openai-partnership/

Microsoft. (2025d, 4 dicembre). Advancing Microsoft 365: New capabilities and pricing update. Microsoft 365 Blog. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2025/12/04/advancing-microsoft-365-new-capabilities-and-pricing-update/

Microsoft. (2026a, 26 gennaio). Maia 200: The AI accelerator built for inference. The Official Microsoft Blog. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2026/01/26/maia-200-the-ai-accelerator-built-for-inference/

Microsoft. (2026b, 28 gennaio). Microsoft Fiscal Year 2026 second quarter earnings conference call. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor/events/fy-2026/earnings-fy-2026-q2

Microsoft. (2026c). Azure AI Foundry - Model catalog. Microsoft Learn. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-studio/how-to/model-catalog

Microsoft. (2026d, 9 marzo). Copilot Cowork: A new way of getting work done. The Microsoft 365 Blog. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2026/03/09/copilot-cowork-a-new-way-of-getting-work-done/

Microsoft. (2026e, 9 marzo). Introducing the first Frontier Suite built on intelligence + trust. The Official Microsoft Blog. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2026/03/09/introducing-the-first-frontier-suite-built-on-intelligence-trust/

Microsoft. (2026f, 9 marzo). Powering Frontier Transformation with Copilot and agents. Microsoft 365 Blog. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2026/03/09/powering-frontier-transformation-with-copilot-and-agents/

MIIT. (2023, novembre). Linee guida per l’innovazione e lo sviluppo dei robot umanoidi. Ministero dell’Industria e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Repubblica Popolare Cinese.

MIIT. (2026, marzo). Sistema di standard nazionali per l’industria dei robot umanoidi. Ministero dell’Industria e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Repubblica Popolare Cinese.

Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013). Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781

MIM. (2025a, 9 agosto). Linee guida per l’introduzione dell’Intelligenza Artificiale nelle Istituzioni scolastiche, Versione 1.0 (allegato al Decreto ministeriale n. 166 del 9 agosto 2025). https://www.mim.gov.it/documents/20182/0/MIM_Linee+guida+IA+nella+Scuola_09_08_2025-signed.pdf/b70fdc45-4b75-1f7e-73bf-eab12989b928

MIM. (2025b, 16 giugno). Nota n. 3392: Disposizioni in merito all’uso degli smartphone nel secondo ciclo di istruzione. Ministero dell’Istruzione e del Merito. https://www.mim.gov.it/documents/20182/0/m_pi.AOODPIT.REGISTRO+UFFICIALE(U).0003392.16-06-2025+(2).pdf

Ministero degli Affari Esteri dei Paesi Bassi. (2023). REAIM 2023. https://www.government.nl/ministries/ministry-of-foreign-affairs/activiteiten/reaim

Ministero dell’Istruzione cinese. (2025, maggio). Linee guida per l’introduzione dell’intelligenza artificiale nei curricoli scolastici dalla scuola primaria alla secondaria. Ministero dell’Istruzione, Repubblica Popolare Cinese. Riportato in: People’s Daily Online. https://en.people.cn/n3/2025/0513/c90000-20313921.html

Ministero per l’Innovazione Tecnologica e la Transizione Digitale. (2021). Programma strategico per l’Intelligenza Artificiale 2022–2024. https://assets.innovazione.gov.it/1637937177-programma-strategico-iaweb-2.pdf

Ministry of Finance. (2025, 1 febbraio). Union Budget 2025–2026. Government of India. https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2025-26/

Mishra, M. (2020, 26 agosto). Convolutional Neural Networks, Explained. Towards Data Science. https://towardsdatascience.com/convolutional-neural-networks-explained-9cc5188c4939/

Mistral AI. (2025c). Mistral Small 3.1. https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-small-3-1

Mistral AI. (2025a, dicembre). Introducing Mistral 3. Mistral AI News. https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-3

Mistral AI. (2025b, dicembre). Introducing: Devstral 2 and Mistral Vibe CLI. Mistral AI News. https://mistral.ai/news/devstral-2-vibe-cli

Mistral AI. (2026a, 16 marzo). Introducing Mistral Small 4. Mistral AI. https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-small-4/

Mistral AI. (2026b, 23 marzo). Speaking of Voxtral. Mistral AI. https://mistral.ai/news/voxtral-tts/

MIT Technology Review. (2026, 22 gennaio). Yann LeCun’s new venture AMI Labs. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/01/22/1131661/yann-lecuns-new-venture-ami-labs/

Model Context Protocol. (2026, 28 luglio). Specification - Authorization (revisione 2026-07-28). https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2026-07-28/basic/authorization

MOFA Korea. (2024, maggio). AI Seoul Summit 2024. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea.

Monchau, C.-H. (2024, 29 maggio). The cost of training the ChatGPT-5 model could range from $1.7 to $2.5 billion, according to HSBC. SYZ Group. https://blog.syzgroup.com/syz-the-moment/the-cost-of-training-the-chatgpt-5-model-could-range-from-1.7-to-2.5-billion-according-to-hsbc

MSIT. (2026). 2026 Budget and AI–semiconductor national strategy. Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea. https://www.msit.go.kr/eng/

MultiState. (2026). State AI legislation tracker 2026: All 50 states. MultiState. https://www.multistate.ai/artificial-intelligence-ai-legislation

Musk, E. (2024, giugno). AI will eliminate the need for jobs and lead to universal high income. Viva Tech International Conference.

Nature. (2026). How AI is shaping the war in Iran - and what’s next for future conflicts. Nature, News Feature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00710-w

Nature. (2026b, 10 marzo). Stop the use of AI in war until laws can be agreed. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00762-y

News Corp. (2024, 22 maggio). News Corp and OpenAI sign landmark multi-year global partnership. News Corp. https://newscorp.com/2024/05/22/news-corp-and-openai-sign-landmark-multi-year-global-partnership/

Nixtla. (2024). TimeGPT: Time series foundation model. https://github.com/Nixtla/nixtla

Nohara, Y., & Ito, K. (2025, 26 dicembre). Japan to quadruple spending support for chips and AI in budget. The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/12/26/economy/ai-budget-support/

NPC Standing Committee. (2025). Emendamenti alla legge sulla cybersicurezza. Comitato Permanente dell’Assemblea Nazionale del Popolo, Repubblica Popolare Cinese.

NPR. (2026, 26 marzo). America’s first AI-fueled war is unfolding right now in Iran. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2026/03/26/nx-s1-5762019/americas-first-ai-fueled-war-is-unfolding-right-now-in-iran-this-is-how-we-got-here

NVIDIA. (2024, 22 maggio). NVIDIA announces financial results for first quarter fiscal 2025. NVIDIA. https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-announces-financial-results-for-first-quarter-fiscal-2025

NVIDIA. (2024, 4 marzo). Morgan Stanley Technology, Media & Telecom Conference. https://investor.nvidia.com/events-and-presentations/events-and-presentations/event-details/2024/Morgan-Stanley-Technology-Media--Telecom-Conference/default.aspx

NVIDIA. (2025, gennaio). NVIDIA launches Cosmos world foundation model platform to accelerate physical AI development [Comunicato stampa]. https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-launches-cosmos-world-foundation-model-platform-to-accelerate-physical-ai-development

NVIDIA. (2025a, agosto). HUMAIN and NVIDIA announce strategic partnership to build AI factories of the future in Saudi Arabia [Comunicato stampa]. https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/humain-and-nvidia-announce-strategic-partnership-to-build-ai-factories-of-the-future-in-saudi-arabia

NVIDIA. (2025b, 18 marzo). NVIDIA Isaac GR00T N1: Open humanoid robot foundation model [Comunicato stampa]. https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-isaac-gr00t-n1-open-humanoid-robot-foundation-model-simulation-frameworks

NVIDIA. (2026a, 16 marzo). Newton adds contact-rich manipulation and locomotion capabilities for industrial robotics. NVIDIA Developer Blog. https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/newton-adds-contact-rich-manipulation-and-locomotion-capabilities-for-industrial-robotics/

NVIDIA. (2026b, 3 settembre). NVIDIA to acquire Hugging Face [J. Huang]. NVIDIA Blog. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-to-acquire-hugging-face/

NVIDIA. (2026c, 17 aprile). Build a more secure, always-on local AI agent with OpenClaw and NVIDIA NemoClaw. NVIDIA Technical Blog. https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/build-a-secure-always-on-local-ai-agent-with-nvidia-nemoclaw-and-openclaw/

NVIDIA. (2026d, 1 giugno). NVIDIA launches Cosmos 3, the open frontier foundation model for Physical AI [Comunicato stampa]. https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-launches-cosmos-3-the-open-frontier-foundation-model-for-physical-ai

OpenAI. (2026g, 3 settembre). GPT-6 Astra: A new generation of intelligence. https://openai.com/index/gpt-6-astra

O’Connor, S. (2026, marzo). When using AI leads to brain fry. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2026/03/when-using-ai-leads-to-brain-fry

OCSE. (2023). OECD Employment Outlook 2023: Artificial Intelligence and the Labour Market. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/08785bba-en

OECD. (2026a, 17 febbraio). Venture capital investments in artificial intelligence through 2025. OECD Policy Briefs. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a13752f5-en

OECD. (2026b, gennaio). AI use by individuals surges across the OECD as adoption by firms continues to expand. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/announcements/2026/01/ai-use-by-individuals-surges-across-the-oecd-as-adoption-by-firms-continues-to-expand.html

OECD. (2026c, gennaio). OECD Digital Education Outlook 2026: Exploring effective uses of generative AI in education. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/062a7394-en

OECD. (2026d). The OECD.AI Policy Navigator. oecd.ai. https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/overview

ONU. (2025). Risoluzione dell’Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite sull’intelligenza artificiale. Nazioni Unite.

ONU. (2025, 26 agosto). Risoluzione A/RES/79/325: Istituzione del Panel scientifico internazionale indipendente sull’intelligenza artificiale. Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite. https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/79/325

Open Source Initiative. (2024, 28 ottobre). The Open Source AI Definition 1.0. https://opensource.org/ai/open-source-ai-definition

OpenAI. (2024, 12 settembre). Learning to reason with LLMs. OpenAI. https://openai.com/index/learning-to-reason-with-llms/

OpenAI. (2025a, 23 gennaio). Introducing Operator. OpenAI. https://openai.com/index/introducing-operator/

OpenAI. (2025b, 31 gennaio). Introducing o3-mini. OpenAI. https://openai.com/index/openai-o3-mini/

OpenAI. (2025c, 5 settembre). Why language models hallucinate. https://openai.com/index/why-language-models-hallucinate/

OpenAI. (2025d, 21 gennaio). Announcing The Stargate Project. https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/

OpenAI. (2026a, 21 gennaio). Introducing OpenAI’s Education for Countries. OpenAI. https://openai.com/index/edu-for-countries/

OpenAI. (2026b, 27 febbraio). OpenAI and Amazon announce strategic partnership. OpenAI. https://openai.com/index/amazon-partnership/

OpenAI. (2026c). What to know about the Sora discontinuation. OpenAI Help Center. https://help.openai.com/en/articles/20001152-what-to-know-about-the-sora-discontinuation

OpenAI. (2026d, 9 luglio). GPT-5.6: intelligenza di frontiera che cresce con la tua ambizione. https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-6/

OpenAI. (2026e, 16 gennaio). Introducing ChatGPT Go, now available worldwide. https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-go/

OpenAI. (2026f, 1 gennaio). OpenAI Services Agreement. https://openai.com/policies/services-agreement/

OpenClaw. (2026). OpenClaw - Your own personal AI assistant. GitHub. https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw

OpenEuroLLM Consortium. (2025). OpenEuroLLM: Building Europe’s sovereign open LLM. https://openeurollm.eu/

Organick, L., Ang, S. D., Chen, Y.-J., Lopez, R., Yekhanin, S., Makarova, K., Church, G. M., Strauss, K., & Ceze, L. (2018). Random access in large-scale DNA data storage. Nature Biotechnology, 36, 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4079

Orlando, R., Moroni, L., Huguet Cabot, P.-L., Conia, S., Barba, E., Orlandini, S., Fiameni, G., & Navigli, R. (2024). Minerva LLMs: The first family of Large Language Models trained from scratch on Italian data. In Proceedings of the Tenth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2024). https://aclanthology.org/2024.clicit-1.77/

Osservatorio Artificial Intelligence. (2026, 5 febbraio). Artificial Intelligence: adozione, trasformazione, equilibrio. Osservatori Digital Innovation, Politecnico di Milano. https://www.osservatori.net/convegno/artificial-intelligence/risultati-convegno-ricerca-osservatorio-artificial-intelligence/

Ouyang, L., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Almeida, D., Wainwright, C. L., Mishkin, P., Zhang, C., Agarwal, S., Slama, K., Ray, A., Schulman, J., Hilton, J., Kelton, F., Miller, L., Simens, M., Askell, A., Welinder, P., Christiano, P., Leike, J., & Lowe, R. (2022). Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155

Pacioli, L. (1494). Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita. Venezia: Paganino Paganini.

Pagan, N., Törnberg, P., Bail, C. A., Hannák, A., & Barrie, C. (2025, 6 novembre). Computational Turing test reveals systematic differences between human and AI language. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.04195

Parasuraman, R., & Riley, V. (1997). Humans and automation: Use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Human Factors, 39(2), 230-253. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872097778543886

Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press.

Parlamento Europeo. (2026, 2 febbraio). Raccomandazione concernente la conclusione, a nome dell’Unione europea, della Convenzione quadro del Consiglio d’Europa sull’intelligenza artificiale e i diritti umani, la democrazia e lo Stato di diritto (A10-0007/2026). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-10-2026-0007_IT.html

Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., … Chintala, S. (2019). PyTorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (pp. 8024–8035). https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.01703

Patel, D., Kourabi, A., O’Laughlin, D., & Knuhtsen, R. (2025, 31 gennaio). DeepSeek Debates: Chinese Leadership On Cost, True Training Cost, Closed Model Margin Impacts. SemiAnalysis. https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/deepseek-debates

Patel, D., & Wong, G. (2023, 10 luglio). GPT-4 Architecture, Infrastructure, Training Dataset, Costs, Vision, MoE. SemiAnalysis. https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/gpt-4-architecture-infrastructure

Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., Cournapeau, D., Brucher, M., Perrot, M., & Duchesnay, É. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of machine learning Research, 12, 2825–2830. https://jmlr.org/papers/v12/pedregosa11a.html

Penrose, R., & Hameroff, S. (2014). Consciousness in the universe: A review of the “Orch OR” theory. Physics of Life Reviews, 11(1), 39–78.

Perez, E., Ringer, S., Lukošiūtė, K., Nguyen, K., Chen, E., Heiner, S., Pettit, C., Olsson, C., Kundu, S., Kadavath, S., Jones, A., Chen, A., Mann, B., … Kaplan, J. (2022). Discovering language model behaviors with model-written evaluations. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2212.09251

Pix. (2025). Maîtriser l’IA, grandir avec le numérique: les nouveautés Pix pour les élèves et les parents à la rentrée 2025. Pix. https://pix.fr/actualites/maitriser-l-ia-grandir-avec-le-numerique-les-nouveautes-pix-pour-les-eleves-et-les-parents-a-la-rentree-2025/

Platformer. (2024). AI companies hit a scaling wall. Platformer. https://www.platformer.news/openai-google-scaling-laws-anthropic-ai/

Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri. (2024). Pubblicato il documento completo della Strategia Italiana per l’Intelligenza Artificiale 2024–2026. Dipartimento per la trasformazione digitale. https://innovazione.gov.it/notizie/articoli/strategia-italiana-per-l-intelligenza-artificiale-2024-2026/

Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri. (2025). Stanziamento di un miliardo di euro in capitale di rischio per IA, cybersicurezza e telecomunicazioni. Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri.

Prime Minister’s Office, 10 Downing Street. (2023, 1 novembre). AI Safety Summit 2023: The Bletchley Declaration. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration

Pultarova, T. (2026, 24 marzo). How Autonomous Drone Warfare Is Emerging in Ukraine. IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/autonomous-drone-warfare

PYMNTS. (2024, 15 giugno). Mistral’s $640 million funding round fuels Europe’s AI ambitions. PYMNTS. https://www.pymnts.com/news/artificial-intelligence/2024/mistral-640-million-dollar-funding-round-fuels-europe-ai-ambitions/

Quillian, M. R. (1967). Word concepts: A theory and simulation of some basic semantic capabilities. Behavioral Science, 12(5), 410–430.

Rathi, I., Taylor, S., Bergen, B. K., & Jones, C. R. (2024). GPT-4 is judged more human than humans in displaced and inverted Turing tests. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.08853

Reuters. (2025, 2 agosto). Tesla ordered by Florida jury to pay $243 million in fatal Autopilot crash. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/tesla-ordered-by-florida-jury-pay-243-million-fatal-autopilot-crash-2025-08-01/

Ribeiro, M. T., Singh, S., & Guestrin, C. (2016, agosto). “Why should I trust you?”: Explaining the predictions of any classifier. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 1135–1144).

Risko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Cognitive offloading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.07.002

Rivista AI. (2025, 29 luglio). La guerra algoritmica è iniziata: i droni ucraini con AI stanno riscrivendo le regole della guerra. Rivista AI. https://www.rivista.ai/2025/07/29/la-guerra-algoritmica-e-iniziata-i-droni-ucraini-con-ai-stanno-riscrivendo-le-regole-della-guerra/

Ropek, L. (2026, 8 luglio). SpaceXAI releases Grok 4.5, which Elon describes as an ‘Opus-class model’. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2026/07/08/spacexai-releases-grok-4-5-which-elon-describes-as-an-opus-class-model/

Rosenblatt, F. (1958). The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological Review, 65(6), 386–408.

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. (2024, 9 ottobre). The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 [Comunicato stampa]. The Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/press-release/

Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., & Williams, R. J. (1986). Learning representations by back-propagating errors. Nature, 323(6088), 533–536.

Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., & the PDP Research Group. (1986). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. MIT Press.

Russell, B., & Whitehead, A. N. (1910–1913). Principia Mathematica (Vols. 1–3). Cambridge University Press.

Sacks, D., & Segal, A. (2025, 4 marzo). Unpacking TSMC’s $100 Billion Investment in the United States. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/articles/unpacking-tsmcs-100-billion-investment-united-states

Saha, S. (2018, 15 dicembre). A comprehensive guide to convolutional neural networks - the ELI5 way. Towards Data Science. https://medium.com/data-science/a-comprehensive-guide-to-convolutional-neural-networks-the-eli5-way-3bd2b1164a53

Samuel, A. L. (1959). Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 3(3), 210–229.

Sapienza Università di Roma. (2024). Minerva LLMs. https://nlp.uniroma1.it/minerva

Saul, D. (2025, 27 gennaio). Biggest market loss in history: Nvidia stock sheds nearly $600 billion as DeepSeek shakes AI darling. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2025/01/27/biggest-market-loss-in-history-nvidia-stock-sheds-nearly-600-billion-as-deepseek-shakes-ai-darling/

Savona, P., & Masera, R. (A cura di). (2023). Monetary Policy Normalization. Springer Nature.

Sevilla, J., Besiroglu, T., Cottier, B., You, J., Roldán, E., Villalobos, P., & Erdil, E. (2024, 20 agosto). Can AI scaling continue through 2030? Epoch AI. https://epoch.ai/publications/can-ai-scaling-continue-through-2030

Shaikh, E. (2025, 7 febbraio). DeepSeek Banned Countries 2026 [Worldwide List]. DemandSage. https://www.demandsage.com/deepseek-banned-countries/

Shaikh, S., & Rumbaugh, W. (2020). The Air and Missile War in Nagorno-Karabakh: Lessons for the Future of Strike and Defense. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/air-and-missile-war-nagorno-karabakh-lessons-future-strike-and-defense

Sharma, M., Tong, M., Korbak, T., Duvenaud, D., Askell, A., Bowman, S. R., Cheng, N., Durmus, E., Hatfield-Dodds, Z., Johnston, S. R., Kravec, S., Maxwell, T., McCandlish, S., Ndousse, K., Rausch, O., Schiefer, N., Yan, D., Zhang, M., & Perez, E. (2023). Towards understanding sycophancy in language models. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.13548

Shaw, S. D., & Nave, G. (2026). Thinking - fast, slow, and artificial: How AI is reshaping human reasoning and the rise of cognitive surrender. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=6097646

Sheng, E., & Yang, X. (2026, aprile). AI’s next operating model. Bain & Company. https://www.bain.com/insights/ais-next-operating-model/

Simonyan, K., Vedaldi, A., & Zisserman, A. (2014). Deep inside convolutional networks: Visualising image classification models and saliency maps. arXiv:1312.6034v2.

Snell, C., Lee, J., Xu, K., & Kumar, A. (2024). Scaling LLM test-time compute optimally can be more effective than scaling model parameters. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03314

Snyder, G. (2025, 2 aprile). Yann LeCun, Pioneer of AI, Thinks Today’s LLM’s Are Nearly Obsolete. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/nw-ai/ai-impact-interview-yann-lecun-artificial-intelligence-2054237

South China Morning Post. (2024, 9 luglio). Chinese scientists create and cage world’s first AI commander in a PLA laboratory. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3266444/chinese-scientists-create-and-cage-worlds-first-ai-commander-pla-laboratory

Spider 2.0. (2026). Leaderboard. https://spider2-sql.github.io/ (consultata il 5 agosto 2026)

Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence [Stanford HAI]. (2025). AI Index Report 2025. Stanford University. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report

Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence [Stanford HAI]. (2026). AI Index Report 2026. Stanford University. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report

State Council of the PRC. (2025, 27 agosto). China issues guideline to accelerate “AI Plus” integration across key sectors. State Council, People’s Republic of China. https://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latestreleases/202508/27/content_WS68ae7976c6d0868f4e8f51a0.html

State of California. (2025). SB 53: Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act. California State Legislature. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53

State of Colorado. (2024). SB24-205: Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence. Colorado General Assembly. https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205

State of Texas. (2025). HB 149: Texas Responsible AI Governance Act (TRAIGA). Texas Legislature. https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149

Suleyman, M. (2025, 6 novembre). Towards humanist superintelligence. Microsoft AI. https://microsoft.ai/news/towards-humanist-superintelligence/

Suleyman, M., & Bhaskar, M. (2023). The Coming Wave: Technology, Power, and the Twenty-First Century’s Greatest Dilemma. Crown Publishing.

TechCrunch. (2025, 11 dicembre). 1X struck a deal to send its “home” humanoids to factories and warehouses. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/11/1x-struck-a-deal-to-send-its-home-humanoids-to-factories-and-warehouses/

TechNode. (2026, 2 marzo). DeepSeek plans V4 multimodal model release this week, sources say. TechNode. https://technode.com/2026/03/02/deepseek-plans-v4-multimodal-model-release-this-week-sources-say/

TechNode. (2026b, 30 giugno). DeepSeek to launch V4 in mid-July with new peak-time API pricing. TechNode. https://technode.com/2026/06/30/deepseek-to-launch-v4-in-mid-july-with-new-peak-time-api-pricing/

Tesla. (2026, gennaio). Tesla Q4 2025 earnings call. Tesla, Inc. https://ir.tesla.com/

The Nobel Foundation. (1921). The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 - Albert Einstein: Facts. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1921/einstein/facts/

The Ocean Cleanup. (2026a, 9 marzo). The Ocean Cleanup secures vital funding for scale up in mission to rid oceans of plastic. The Ocean Cleanup. https://theoceancleanup.com/press/press-releases/the-ocean-cleanup-secures-funding-from-audacious-project/

The Ocean Cleanup. (2026b). Year in review: The Ocean Cleanup continues to break records. https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/2025-in-review-the-ocean-cleanup/

The White House. (2025a, 20 gennaio). Executive Order on Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence/

The White House. (2025b, 23 aprile). Executive Order on Advancing Artificial Intelligence Education for American Youth. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/advancing-artificial-intelligence-education-for-american-youth/

The White House. (2025c, 23 luglio). Winning the race: America’s AI Action Plan. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Americas-AI-Action-Plan.pdf

The White House. (2026, 20 marzo). President Donald J. Trump Unveils National AI Legislative Framework. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/03/president-donald-j-trump-unveils-national-ai-legislative-framework/

Thompson, K. D. (2024). How the drone war in Ukraine is transforming conflict. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/article/how-drone-war-ukraine-transforming-conflict

TII. (2026, 5 gennaio). TII launches Falcon Reasoning: Best 7B AI model globally, also outperforms larger models [Comunicato stampa]. Technology Innovation Institute. https://www.tii.ae/news/tii-launches-falcon-reasoning-best-7b-ai-model-globally-also-outperforms-larger-models

Tiku, N. (2022, 11 giugno). The Google engineer who thinks the company’s AI has come to life. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/06/11/google-ai-lamda-blake-lemoine/

TIOBE. (2026). TIOBE Index. https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/

Tohru Moto-oka. (1982). Fifth Generation Computer Systems: Proceedings of the International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems, Tokyo, Japan, October 19–22, 1981. North-Holland.

Tom’s Hardware. (2026, marzo). How Nvidia’s $20 billion Groq 3 LPU deal reshapes the Nvidia Vera Rubin platform. https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/semiconductors/nvidias-20-billion-groq-deal-produces-its-first-chip

Tracxn. (2026, 7 agosto). Mistral AI - Funding rounds & list of investors. https://tracxn.com/d/companies/mistral-ai/__SLZq7rzxLYqqA97jtPwO09jLDeb76RVJVb306OhciWU/funding-and-investors

Tribunale di Firenze, Sezione Imprese. (2025, 14 marzo). Ordinanza nel procedimento per reclamo R.G. n. 11053/2024. https://www.diritto.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/1743072902354.pdf

Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433

Turku Research Institute for Learning Analytics. (2026). Information about ViLLE. TRILA. https://www.trila.fi/en/ville-2/

Turpin, M., Michael, J., Perez, E., & Bowman, S. R. (2023). Language models don’t always say what they think: Unfaithful explanations in chain-of-thought prompting. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (NeurIPS 2023). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.04388

U.S. Congress. (2025). TAKE IT DOWN Act (S.146). 119th Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/146

U.S. Department of Education. (2026, 5 gennaio). U.S. Department of Education announces release of $169 million under the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education [Comunicato stampa]. https://www.ed.gov/about/news/press-release/us-department-of-education-announces-release-of-169-million-under-fund-improvement-of-postsecondary-education

UK Government. (2026). AI Opportunities Action Plan: One year on. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan-one-year-on/ai-opportunities-action-plan-one-year-on

UK Parliament. (2025). Data (Use and Access) Act 2025. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/18

Unione Europea. (2024, 13 giugno). Regolamento UE 2024/1689 del Parlamento Europeo e del Consiglio - “AI Act”. Gazzetta ufficiale dell’Unione europea, L 2024/1689. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202401689

Unione Europea. (2026). Regolamento (UE) 2026/1744 del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, dell’8 luglio 2026, che modifica i regolamenti (UE) 2024/1689, (UE) 2018/1139 e (UE) 2023/1230 per quanto riguarda la semplificazione dell’attuazione di regole armonizzate sull’intelligenza artificiale (Omnibus digitale sull’IA). Gazzetta ufficiale dell’Unione europea, L 2026/1744, 24 luglio 2026. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj

Unitree. (2025). Unitree G1 humanoid robot. https://www.unitree.com/g1/

Ustun, B., Spangher, A., & Liu, Y. (2019, maggio). Actionable recourse in linear classification. In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 10–19).

Van Rossum, G., & Drake, F. L. (2009). Python 3 Reference Manual. CreateSpace.

Vanian, J. (2024, 29 settembre). California governor vetoes landmark AI safety bill SB 1047. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2024/09/29/california-governor-newsom-vetoes-ai-safety-bill-sb-1047.html

Varadi, M., Anyango, S., Deshpande, M., Nair, S., Natassia, C., Yordanova, G., Yuan, D., Stroe, O., Wood, G., Laydon, A., Žídek, A., Green, T., Tunyasuvunakool, K., Petersen, S., Jumper, J., Clancy, E., Green, R., Vora, A., Lutfi, M., … Velankar, S. (2022). AlphaFold Protein Structure Database: Massively expanding the structural coverage of protein-sequence space with high-accuracy models. Nucleic Acids Research, 50(D1), D439–D447. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1061

Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A. N., Kaiser, L., & Polosukhin, I. (2017). Attention is all you need. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 5998–6008).

VentureBeat. (2025, 11 marzo). OpenAI unveils Responses API, open source Agents SDK. VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/programming-development/openai-unveils-responses-api-open-source-agents-sdk/

Villalobos, P., Ho, A., Sevilla, J., Besiroglu, T., Heim, L., & Hobbhahn, M. (2024). Will we run out of data? Limits of LLM scaling based on human-generated data. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.04325

Volpicelli, G. (2025, 19 settembre). China’s DeepSeek shook the tech world. Its developer just revealed the cost of training the AI model. CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/19/business/deepseek-ai-training-cost-china-intl

Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., & Russell, C. (2017). Counterfactual explanations without opening the black box: Automated decisions and the GDPR. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 31, 841.

Watson, J. L., Juergens, D., Bennett, N. R., Trippe, B. L., Yim, J., Eisenach, H. E., Ahern, W., Borber, A. J., Ragotte, R. J., Milles, L. F., Wicky, B. I. M., Hanikel, N., Pellock, S. J., Courbet, A., Sheffler, W., Wang, J., Venkatesh, P., Sader, I., Gould, A., … Baker, D. (2023). De novo design of protein structure and function with RFdiffusion. Nature, 620, 1089–1100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06415-8

Waymo. (2024, dicembre). New Swiss Re study: Waymo is safer than even the most advanced human-driven vehicles. Waymo Blog. https://waymo.com/blog/2024/12/new-swiss-re-study-waymo/

Waymo. (2025, dicembre). Delivering more for our riders in a year of incredible growth. Waymo Blog. https://waymo.com/blog/2025/12/2025-year-in-review/

Waymo. (2026a, febbraio). Accelerating our global growth: Waymo raises $16 billion investment round. Waymo Blog. https://waymo.com/blog/2026/02/waymo-raises-usd16-billion-investment-round/

Waymo. (2026b, 1 settembre). Welcoming our first riders in Denver, San Diego, and Tampa. Waymo Blog. https://waymo.com/blog/2026/09/ride-in-denver-san-diego-tampa/

WEF. (2023). The Future of Jobs Report 2023. World Economic Forum. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2023.pdf

WEF. (2025). The Future of Jobs Report 2025. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/

Wei, J., Wang, X., Schuurmans, D., Bosma, M., Ichter, B., Xia, F., Chi, E., Le, Q., & Zhou, D. (2022). Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (NeurIPS 2022). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.11903

Wenger, B. (2012). Cloud4Cancer: Discovering the start of cancer through cloud computing. Google Science Fair. https://cloud4cancer.appspot.com/

Wheatley, M. (2025, 14 agosto). DeepSeek R2 model release reportedly held back by faulty Huawei chips. SiliconANGLE. https://siliconangle.com/2025/08/14/deepseek-r2-model-release-reportedly-held-back-faulty-huawei-chips/

Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press.

Wiggers, K. (2025, 3 settembre). Mistral AI raises funding at $14 billion valuation. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/03/mistral-the-french-ai-giant-is-reportedly-on-the-cusp-of-securing-a-14-billion-valuation/

Wikipedia. (2026). OpenClaw. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenClaw

Williams, A. (2024, 8 gennaio). Alphabet’s Isomorphic Labs signs drug discovery deals with Eli Lilly and Novartis. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/14d93672-dce7-482d-9b32-fa3553b37273

Willison, S. (2025, 18 settembre). I think “agent” may finally have a widely enough agreed upon definition to be useful jargon now. https://simonwillison.net/2025/Sep/18/agents/

Wolf, T., Debut, L., Sanh, V., Chaumond, J., Delangue, C., Moi, A., Cistac, P., Rault, T., Louf, R., Funtowicz, M., Davison, J., Shleifer, S., von Platen, P., Ma, C., Jernite, Y., Plu, J., Xu, C., Le Scao, T., Gugger, S., … Rush, A. M. (2020). Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing. In Proceedings of the 2020 EMNLP: System Demonstrations (pp. 38–45). https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-demos.6/

Woo, G., Liu, C., Kumar, A., Xiong, C., Savarese, S., & Sahoo, D. (2024). Unified training of universal time series forecasting transformers. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.02592

xAI. (2026, 12 agosto). Introducing Grok 4.6. https://x.ai/news/grok-4-6

Xiao, T., Nerini, F. F., Matthews, H. D., Tavoni, M., & You, F. (2025). Environmental impact and net-zero pathways for sustainable artificial intelligence servers in the USA. Nature Sustainability, 8(12), 1541-1553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-025-01681-y

Yao, S., Zhao, J., Yu, D., Du, N., Shafran, I., Narasimhan, K., & Cao, Y. (2023). ReAct: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2023). https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629

Ye, J. (2025, 14 agosto). DeepSeek denies rumors of August launch for R2 AI model. TechNode. https://technode.com/2025/08/14/deepseek-denies-rumors-of-august-launch-for-r2-ai-model/

Yee, L., Madgavkar, A., Smit, S., Krivkovich, A., Chui, M., Ramírez, M. J., & Castresana, D. (2025, 25 novembre). Agents, robots, and us: Skill partnerships in the age of AI. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/agents-robots-and-us-skill-partnerships-in-the-age-of-ai

You, J. (2025). How much energy does ChatGPT use?. Epoch AI. https://epoch.ai/gradient-updates/how-much-energy-does-chatgpt-use

Zewe, A. (2025, 17 gennaio). Explained: Generative AI’s environmental impact. MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://news.mit.edu/2025/explained-generative-ai-environmental-impact-0117