Update from the book
National programmes and strategies
What the United States, China, the European Union and Italy are doing, and where the foundation models developed in Italy stand.
The big figures in this field come from press releases, and a press release says what someone wants to do. Below you will find the same figures next to the column that press releases leave out: what has been switched on, signed or spent, and as at what date. Then the state of the Italian programmes, which Italian and European models can actually be downloaded, and the numbers on talent.
The four words that keep things apart. Announced is a statement of intent. Approved is a formal act of a government or of a board. Committed is a signed contract or subscribed capital. Switched on or spent is the only column that can be measured from the outside.
Almost every gap you read below sits between the first word and the last.
How much has been announced, how much is switched on
| Programme | Announced | Verifiable today |
|---|---|---|
| Stargate, United States | up to 500 billion dollars over four years, 21 January 2025; more than 9 GW across seven sites | 421 MW of IT power in operation, the Abilene site alone, four buildings out of eight. Epoch AI entry updated again on 2 October 2026 with the same figures, on a satellite image from late July: the other four are roofed but not confirmed operational. None of the companies involved publishes the capital committed |
| InvestAI and gigafactories, European Union | €200 billion mobilised, 11 February 2025; from four to seven plants depending on the version of the announcement | call published on 30 July 2026, up to seven plants and up to €10 billion of public money. Bids by 3 December 2026, after a three-week extension published on 1 October; award expected in early 2027. No site chosen |
| France | "more than €109 billion", 11 February 2025, adding up thirteen private announcements | no spending report published. First electricity connection contract signed on 26 January 2026 at Fouju, campus under construction with start-up expected in 2028. No 1 GW plant switched on |
| HUMAIN, Saudi Arabia | partnerships with NVIDIA and with AMD announced on 13 May 2025; up to 500 MW each over five years; 2026 designated "year of AI" | two 100 MW data centres under construction in Riyadh and Dammam. The joint venture with AMD and Cisco of 19 November 2025 is declared as a "plan to establish". No switch-on announcement |
| Stargate UAE, United Arab Emirates | 5 GW campus in Abu Dhabi, 22 May 2025; first 1 GW cluster; first phase of 200 MW "in 2026" | civil works "well advanced" in October 2025, completion of the first phase expected in the third quarter of 2026, which closed on 30 September with no switch-on announcement: the latest G42 press release is of 17 July 2026. Zero MW confirmed in operation. The 200 MW of the first phase are 4% of the 5 GW |
| United Kingdom | UK Compute Roadmap of 17 July 2025, up to £2 billion; target of 420 public AI exaflops by 2030 | Isambard-AI switched on in Bristol in July 2025, 5,448 GPUs, £225 million. Official report of 29 January 2026: 38 actions out of 50 completed, with a public dashboard |
| Italy, Art. 23 of Law No. 132/2025 | up to €1 billion in AI, cybersecurity and quantum companies, through CDP Venture Capital | the dedicated fund has €450 million subscribed and €38 million drawn down as at 31 December 2025, with 7 startups in the portfolio. The article authorises investment drawing on a fund that already exists: it is not new money |
Update of 19 September 2026. At Abilene the buildings came online one at a time, the first on 26 September 2025 and the last two on 23 May 2026, and the same entry projects 843 MW once all eight are running. The figure the row carried before, "about 0.3 GW", came from the April reading and does not subtract from this one: it was in gigawatts without saying whether it meant IT power or site power, and in between Epoch redid the estimate on a more recent image. In the announcements column, by contrast, something new has arrived: on 17 August 2026 OpenAI announced about 8 GW of IT power in Pike County, Ohio, with the first 800 MW expected in 2028. The press release does not contain the word "Stargate", so those 8 GW do not add to the nine gigawatts of the first row without saying so.
The right-hand column is almost always smaller by two orders of magnitude. It is worth rereading it when the next announcement of hundreds of billions comes out.
The European call, and the date to mark
The European gigafactories were announced in Paris in February 2025 and for a year and a half they stayed a headline. Now there is an open call.
| Step | Date | What it is |
|---|---|---|
| InvestAI announced at the Paris summit | 11 Feb 2025 | announcement: €200 billion mobilised, four gigafactories, dedicated fund of €20 billion |
| Expressions of interest close | 20 Jun 2025 | 76 non-binding responses, 16 member states, 60 sites proposed. A consultation, not a competition |
| Amendment of the EuroHPC regulation | 20 Jan 2026 | Regulation (EU) 2026/150, in force: the legal basis for issuing the call |
| Publication of the call | 30 Jul 2026 | EUROHPC-2026-CEI-AIGF-01. Up to seven plants in at least seven member states, up to €10 billion of public money, more than €30 billion expected with the private share. 18 states signed the joint procurement, Italy included |
| Deadline for bids | 3 Dec 2026 | 17:00, single-stage procedure. It was 12 November at 16:00: on 1 October 2026 a corrigendum moved it by three weeks "following request from the European Commission". As at 3 October 2026 no site has been chosen and EuroHPC has published no application |
| Award expected | early 2027 | construction in 2027, entry into operation within eighteen months of signature. A Commission forecast, not a commitment |
In the meantime the part of the European infrastructure already running is the nineteen EuroHPC AI Factories, with thirteen antennas attached, selected between December 2024 and October 2025 and at very different stages of progress: some run on machines already in the world ranking, most are still being deployed. As at 3 October 2026 the number has not changed, and EuroHPC does not publish a table saying which ones are operational.
The acts in force, country by country
| Country | What is in force, with the date |
|---|---|
| United States | no organic federal law. Government by executive order: 14179 of 23 January 2025, then the package of 23 July 2025 on permits, exports and procurement, the Genesis Mission of 24 November 2025, the order on federal policy prevailing over state laws of 11 December 2025, the order on innovation and security of 2 June 2026 and order 14434 of 29 September 2026, which requires executive offices to write "Super Intelligence" in place of "Artificial Intelligence" in non-regulatory documents; for the definition it refers to the one in statute and asks for a legislative proposal within sixty days. Alongside them America's AI Action Plan of 23 July 2025, which is a policy document with more than 90 actions. The only federal law on the subject to have entered into force is the TAKE IT DOWN Act of 19 May 2025 |
| China | the State Council plan of July 2017 sets the 2030 target and has never been repealed. Above it sit the "AI Plus" initiative of August 2025, which moves the lead to the development and reform commission, and the fifteenth five-year plan approved on 12 March 2026. No numerical target referring to AI alone appears in that plan |
| European Union | for the rules, what applies is what you find on librovivoia.it/en/r/rules. On investment: AI Continent Action Plan of 9 April 2025, with no budget of its own; Apply AI Strategy of 8 October 2025, about €1 billion taken from programmes already budgeted; Cloud and AI Development Act, proposal of 3 June 2026 still going through the process |
| South Korea | framework law on AI promulgated on 21 January 2025 and effective from 22 January 2026, with a year of grace on investigations and penalties. First Basic Plan for AI 2026-2028, 99 actions |
| United Kingdom | AI Opportunities Action Plan of 13 January 2025, 50 recommendations accepted in full by the government. No framework law |
| Italy | Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025, in force since 10 October 2025. The Agency for Digital Italy (AgID) is the notifying authority, the National Cybersecurity Agency (ACN) supervises. First implementing decree in the Official Gazette: Legislative Decree No. 160 of 9 September 2026, General Series No. 214 of 15 September 2026, in force from 30 September 2026. The mandate to write the implementing decrees expires on 10 October 2026 |
India, Japan, Korea: big figures, small approvals
| Country | The figure that circulates | What is actually approved or done |
|---|---|---|
| India | IndiaAI Mission, approved by the Cabinet on 7 March 2024: 10,372 crore rupees over five years, about 1.2 billion dollars, seven pillars | more than 38,000 GPUs available on the national portal in March 2026, from private operators at a subsidised rate, and 190 approved compute projects. The 2026-27 budget assigns the mission 1,000 crore, half the ministry's request. At the end of 2025 the ministry had spent 32% of the year's revised funds |
| Japan | "more than 10 trillion yen" of public support for AI and semiconductors by fiscal year 2030, announced on 11 November 2024, with instruments and funding sources still to be defined | the annual approved figure is of another order: about 1.23 trillion yen in the industry ministry's 2026 budget. Rapidus has had a pilot line running since April 2025 and has verified 2-nanometre transistors on 300-millimetre wafers; mass production is still indicated for 2027. In February 2026 it took in 267.6 billion yen, 100 public and 167.6 from 32 private companies |
| South Korea | 700 trillion won, the semiconductor plan of 10 December 2025, horizon 2047: it is the figure that in dollars becomes the "534 billion" you read around | the public budget for AI goes from 3.3 trillion won in 2025 to 10.1 trillion in 2026, about 7.3 billion dollars, more than triple in a year. On GPUs the public announcement of 30 October 2025 speaks of up to 50,000 accelerators, starting from a first deployment of 13,000 |
In all three cases the figure that circulates adds up expected private investment over very long horizons. The number to compare with Italy or with France is the one in the right-hand column.
Italy: the strategy, the decrees, the machines
The Italian strategy for artificial intelligence was published by AgID on 22 July 2024 and covers the three years 2024-2026. It has 27 actions: three cross-cutting enablers plus six on research, six on public administration, five on business and seven on training. The document assigned monitoring to a Foundation for artificial intelligence, with an annual report and indicators by area.
What is missing, rechecked on 3 October 2026. The Foundation does not appear to have been set up. No monitoring report has been published. There is no update of the plan, no new strategy and no open consultation: the latest news on the subject in the AgID archive is still the one of 22 July 2024.
Article 19 of Law No. 132/2025 moved ownership of the strategy from the AgID committee to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, with approval at least every two years and monitoring sent to Parliament every year. That strategy has not been produced yet. Absences age: if you are reading this page long after the date at the top, this is the first thing to check again.
The implementing decrees are halfway across. The Council of Ministers approved two of them at first reading on 10 June 2026 and at final reading on 4 August 2026. The first regulates the use of AI in policing and introduces Article 437-bis of the Criminal Code; the second sets out national governance, fixes penalties with ceilings lower than the European ones, opens regulatory sandboxes with a fast track for SMEs and startups, and declares void any dismissal decided on automated processing alone. The first has reached the Official Gazette: Legislative Decree No. 160 of 9 September 2026, General Series No. 214 of 15 September 2026, in force from 30 September 2026, and the published title puts civil and criminal liability alongside policing. The second, the one on governance, as at 2 October 2026, the date of the last Official Gazette issue checked, does not appear to have been published, so it is not in force.
Italian public computing stands at this point.
| Machine | Where | Status as at 19 September 2026 |
|---|---|---|
| Leonardo | CINECA, Bologna | in operation. 241.20 petaflop/s measured, twelfth in the world in the June 2026 list. It was fourth in June 2023, tenth in both 2025 lists: the machine is the same, it is the others that have grown |
| LISA, upgrade of Leonardo | CINECA, Bologna | contract signed on 13 May 2025, €50 million between EuroHPC and the Ministry of University and Research (MUR), 166 eight-way GPU servers, that is 1,328 accelerators. Inaugurated on 11 June 2026, not yet accessible: as at 3 October 2026 the CINECA user documentation still lists only Booster and DCGP, the pre-existing partitions |
| SOL, quantum computer | Bologna Tecnopolo | neutral atoms, at least 140 qubits, €13 million. Inaugurated on the same day as LISA, on that day it was being calibrated, with resources for users expected by the autumn. As at 3 October 2026 there is no announcement of opening to users, and SOL does not appear in the list of 25 June 2026 with which EuroHPC opened access to its own quantum computers |
| IT4LIA, the Italian AI Factory | CINECA with Austria and Slovenia | among the first seven European AI Factories, selected on 10 December 2024. Contract for the new system signed on 22 April 2026: €290 million, half European and half national. Associated site in Naples, San Giovanni a Teduccio |
| Peano, of AI4I | OGR Tech, Turin | in operation. 148 GPUs, 80 Blackwell B200 and 68 Hopper H200, 5 petabytes. 4.53 petaflop/s measured, three hundred and fifteenth in the world in June 2026. Opened to companies on 16 July 2026 |
| INNOVATE, industrial supercomputer | CINECA, DAMA Tecnopolo, Bologna | does not exist yet. EuroHPC call for tender of 16 July 2026, its first industrial supercomputer: €11.6 million in all, of which €4.07 million European, the rest from the industrial partners. Bids closed on 8 September 2026 |
A note that surprises almost everyone: the two most powerful computers installed in Italy are private. They are Eni's HPC7 and HPC6, sixth and eighth in the June 2026 world ranking, both ahead of Leonardo.
The Italian models: which ones can actually be downloaded
"Italian model" and "open model" are two different things, and press releases tend to make them coincide. The column that counts, if you have to run something under your own control, is the last one.
| Model | Who, when | Parameters | Downloadable weights |
|---|---|---|---|
| Italia 9B Instruct | iGenius, today Domyn, with CINECA on Leonardo. 4 July 2024 | 9bn | yes, MIT licence |
| Minerva 7B instruct | Sapienza with FAIR and CINECA. December 2024 | 7.4bn | yes, Apache 2.0 |
| Velvet 14B and 2B | Almawave, on Leonardo. 31 January 2025 | 14bn and 2bn | yes, Apache 2.0, but behind registration |
| FastwebMIIA-7B | Fastweb. 29 May 2025 | 7.4bn | yes, but a proprietary licence that forbids commercial use |
| FAMA, speech | Fondazione Bruno Kessler. June 2025 | 878m and 475m | yes, CC-BY-4.0 |
| ANITA-NEXT | University of Bari. August 2025 - January 2026 | 20-24bn | yes, Apache 2.0 |
| EngGPT2-16B-A3B | Engineering. March-April 2026 | 16bn, 3 active | yes, but a proprietary non-commercial licence |
| Domyn-Small | Domyn. 12 May 2026 | 10bn | yes, MIT licence |
| Colosseum 355B | Domyn with NVIDIA. Announced in January 2025 | 355bn | no. It is used as a service on an NVIDIA platform. No public licence text |
| Domyn-Large | Domyn with Microsoft. 15 April 2026 | 260bn | no, proprietary and managed |
| EUROPA | consortium led by Domyn with Fraunhofer. Announced on 19 June 2026 | more than 400bn, target | the model does not exist yet: it is the winning of a call |
| ChatMinerva | Sapienza with Babelscape. 3 June 2026 | — | no: it is an assistant accessible online, the model that powers it is not published |
The largest public Italian weights are still the 20-24 billion parameter ones from Bari. Everything in Italy above one hundred billion is used as a service.
And in Europe
| Model | Who, when | Parameters | Licence, caveats |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mistral Small 4 | Mistral AI, France. 16 March 2026 | 119bn, 6 active | Apache 2.0 |
| Apertus 1.5 | Swiss AI Initiative, EPFL and ETH. 24 July 2026 | 8.9bn and 72bn | Apache 2.0 with a separate usage policy, behind registration |
| ALIA-40b, Salamandra family | Barcelona Supercomputing Center. June 2026 | 40.4bn | Apache 2.0 |
| TildeOpen-30b | Tilde, Latvia. 4 September 2025 | 30.7bn | CC-BY-4.0 |
| EuroLLM-22B-Instruct | IST Lisbon, Unbabel and the UTTER consortium. 14 December 2025 | 22.6bn | Apache 2.0 |
| Teuken-7B-instruct | OpenGPT-X, Fraunhofer. July 2025, no successor | 7.45bn | CC-BY-NC-4.0: commercial use forbidden |
| OpenEuroLLM "Prelude" | OpenEuroLLM consortium, trained on Leonardo. Checkpoints since July 2026 | 9.1bn | Apache 2.0, but these are intermediate checkpoints declared as research material in progress: training is still under way. Since 12 August 2026 there is also an instruction-tuned version on top of a Prelude checkpoint, oellm-9b-256k-sft, again Apache 2.0 |
The word "open" in press releases covers very different conditions. Before building something on top of it, it is worth opening the licence file, which always sits next to the weights.
Private money, and where Italy stands on talent
The two most quoted measures of private money do not agree, and it is worth knowing why before using them in a meeting. The OECD, on Preqin data, counts for 2025 194 billion dollars of venture capital in AI companies based in the United States, 75% of the world total for the sector, against 15.8 billion in the European Union and 13.9 in China. The AI Index, on Quid data, for the same year and the same countries arrives at different figures, because it counts as an AI company and as a deal partly different things. You will find them, with the method that builds them, on librovivoia.it/en/r/research. What the two sources say in the same direction is the ratio between countries: the great majority of private capital in the sector stays in the United States, and China remains an order of magnitude below. In the OECD count, moreover, the AI share of world venture capital across all sectors reached 61% in 2025, up from 30% in 2022. In 2026 the largest European deal is a single one: on 8 September 2026 Mistral announced a Series D of €3 billion, declared the largest European equity raise ever, with Samsung Electronics leading and a post-money valuation above €21 billion. At the ECB rate of 18 September that is about 3.4 billion dollars, against the 4.36 billion that, in the OECD count, all French AI companies raised in 2025.
American public money goes the other way: National Science Foundation funding for AI goes from 965 million in the 2025 plan to 655 requested for 2027, minus 32%. Requested, not appropriated: as at 3 October 2026 Congress has not passed the 2027 appropriations bills, and the continuing appropriations law of 2 September 2026, Public Law 119-103, keeps the government running until 11 December 2026.
The most solid Italian numbers on talent come from the AI Index 2026, which uses data from the British company Zeki: 13,230 AI authors and inventors in 2025, ninth in absolute terms, but 22.43 per hundred thousand inhabitants, last of the fifteen countries in the figure. The share of women, 29.53%, is among the highest in the group. In the figure on net flows Italy sits at zero, while the United States falls from a peak of 324.6 in 2022 to 26.0 in 2025 and India records the largest outflow, minus 16.9. The unit is a twelve-month moving average, not an annual total, and the values reported here are read from the labels of the report's charts.
The figure on graduate emigration does exist, and it comes from Istat, the Italian national statistics institute: in 2024, 25 thousand Italians between 25 and 34 with at least a degree emigrated, against just over 4 thousand returns, a net loss of almost 21 thousand people, against about 16 thousand in 2023. No official Italian statistic breaks those numbers down by profession, so any figure on "how many AI researchers leave Italy" is somebody else's estimate.
Figures that circulate wrong
| What you read | Why it does not hold |
|---|---|
| "South Korea is investing 534 billion dollars in AI" | it is the conversion of 700 trillion won of a semiconductor plan of 10 December 2025, largely private investment expected up to 2047. The Korean public budget for AI in 2026 is 10.1 trillion won, about 7.3 billion dollars |
| "India has 38,000 GPUs in service and is aiming for 100,000" | the 38,000 are capacity of private operators put on the national portal at a subsidised rate, and no source says how many are in use. The target of the Cabinet document of 7 March 2024 is "10,000 or more" |
| "InvestAI puts up 50 billion of public money" | no Commission document qualifies those 50 billion as public. In the Paris speech they are the addition of InvestAI to the 150 billion of private money already announced. The public money declared is something else: €20 billion for the gigafactories fund, 10 already committed to the AI Factories |
| "NVIDIA has signed a 10 billion deal with Saudi Arabia" | the NVIDIA press release of 13 May 2025 contains no figure in dollars. The 10 billion are AMD's, announced the same day, and they are an "up to" referring to the parties' joint investment |
| "The PNRR allocates more than 2 billion to artificial intelligence" | no measure of the financial framework of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) has "artificial intelligence" in its name. AI sits inside wider measures on partnerships, national champions and research infrastructure, and no official quantification of the share exists |
| "Leonardo is the tenth supercomputer in the world" | in the June 2026 ranking it is twelfth. Tenth place is the November 2025 one, and two institutional press releases published in June 2026 say so too |
| "The Emirates' Falcon models are open source" | the licence is the Falcon LLM License, proprietary, not approved by the Open Source Initiative. And the weights of the Arabic version announced on 5 January 2026 do not appear to have been published |
| "The AI Index says 50 American models and 30 Chinese ones in 2025" | those were the numbers of the first publication of 14 April 2026. The PDF was revised in June and today says 59 and 35, with no errata page. The count is a manual curation, not a census, and the "Europe" entry includes the United Kingdom and Switzerland. The live database the report relies on is already past those numbers: see librovivoia.it/en/r/research |
| "47% of the best AI researchers are Chinese, according to MacroPolo" | the figure is accurate but old and has a narrow perimeter: authors of papers accepted at the NeurIPS conference of 2022, classified by the country of their undergraduate degree. MacroPolo closed on 1 March 2025 and has not updated it. A "version 3.0" with different numbers circulates online on a domain that is not its own |
What has changed
3 October 2026 · revision
The gigafactory call has three more weeks. Bids were due on 12 November at 16:00 and are now due on 3 December 2026 at 17:00: the corrigendum came out on 1 October, "following request from the European Commission". The award forecast is still "early 2027", because EuroHPC has not changed it.
The United States has another executive order. Order 14434, signed on 29 September 2026 and published in the Federal Register on 2 October, requires executive offices to write "Super Intelligence" in place of "Artificial Intelligence" in non-regulatory documents. The definition stays the one in statute, and the order asks for a legislative proposal within sixty days.
In Italy the first implementing decree has been in force since 30 September 2026. The second, on governance, was not in the Official Gazette as at 2 October.
No news on what is switched on. At Abilene Epoch updated its entry again on 2 October with the same 421 MW across four buildings, and the third quarter, when the first phase of Stargate UAE was expected, closed on 30 September with no switch-on announcement.
The European race for the gigafactories exists. It came out on 30 July 2026, closes on 3 December after the three-week extension published on 1 October, and has eighteen states buying together. If you work in a sector that will need compute, it is the first European date in this field you can reason about.
In Italy the rules move faster than the strategy. The first implementing decree has been in the Official Gazette since 15 September 2026 and has been in force since 30 September. The second, the one that sets out governance, was approved at final reading on 4 August and has not been published yet, with the mandate expiring on 10 October. Meanwhile the national strategy ends this year with no published monitoring and no announced successor: rechecked on 3 October, the AgID archive has no news on the subject after 22 July 2024.
The Italian 2026 has produced more announcements than weights. Domyn-Small, from May, is the most recent Italian model with downloadable weights and a permissive licence. The other announcements of this year - the compressed version with 260 billion parameters, the Sapienza assistant, the European consortium aiming past 400 billion - lead to services or to projects, not to files you can download. Check redone on 3 October 2026 on the Hugging Face listings of Domyn, Sapienza and Almawave: since 14 August there is no new model.
What cannot be found, and has to be said. The capital actually committed to Stargate: none of the companies involved publishes it. The euros spent out of the French 109 billion: no accounting. The megawatts switched on in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates: no switch-on announcement. The share of the Italian PNRR allocated to AI: it does not exist as a line. Korean AI spending in 2027: the budget proposal was presented on 1 September 2026, but I have not found published a figure built on the same perimeter as the 10,100 billion won of 2026, and putting two different perimeters side by side produces a change nobody has decided.
Where you find "not found" written, the number is not there. That is different from zero, and it is different from secret.
Sources
- EuroHPC JU, call EUROHPC-2026-CEI-AIGF-01 of 30 July 2026 and launch press release; European Commission, press release IP/26/1708 of 30 July 2026; Regulation (EU) 2026/150 of 16 January 2026; press releases on the selection of the AI Factories of 10 December 2024, 12 March 2025 and 10 October 2025; AI Factories page, press release opening access to the quantum computers of 25 June 2026 and call for tender for the INNOVATE industrial supercomputer in Bologna of 16 July 2026; corrigendum to the call published on TED on 1 October 2026 (674672-2026) and call page on the EuroHPC site amended the same day. Consulted on 14 August and reread on 3 October 2026.
- European Commission, press release IP/25/467 and speech SPEECH/25/471 of 11 February 2025 on InvestAI; AI Continent Action Plan of 9 April 2025; Apply AI Strategy of 8 October 2025; proposal for a Cloud and AI Development Act of 3 June 2026.
- OpenAI, announcement of the Stargate project of 21 January 2025, press release on the new sites of 23 September 2025 and press release on the PORTS-Pike project in Ohio of 17 August 2026. Epoch AI, data centre directory, Abilene entry updated on 2 October 2026 on a satellite image from late July 2026, consulted on 3 October 2026. SoftBank Group, investor presentation of 6 August 2026.
- Federal Register, executive orders 14179, 14277, 14318, 14319, 14320, 14363, 14365, 14409 and 14434, the last published on 2 October 2026 (91 FR 63129) and read on 3 October 2026; White House, America's AI Action Plan of 23 July 2025; Public Law 119-12 of 19 May 2025. National Science Foundation, FY2027 budget tables; NITRD, supplement to the president's FY2025 budget. State of the appropriations for fiscal year 2027 read on 19 September 2026 on the trackers of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget and of the Computing Research Association and rechecked on 3 October 2026 on congress.gov: Public Law 119-103 of 2 September 2026 (H.R. 6500), section 106(3), deadline 11 December 2026.
- State Council of the People's Republic of China, document No. 35 of 2017 and document No. 11 of 2025 on the "AI Plus" initiative; text of the fifteenth five-year plan approved on 12 March 2026.
- Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025, consolidated text on Normattiva. Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers press releases No. 177 of 10 June 2026 and No. 185 of 4 August 2026; archive of the meetings and summaries of the Official Gazette, General Series, from No. 178 to No. 188, checked on 14 August 2026. Legislative Decree No. 160 of 9 September 2026, Official Gazette General Series No. 214 of 15 September 2026, ELI entry reread on 3 October 2026. Summaries of the Official Gazette, General Series, from No. 217 of 18 September to No. 229 of 2 October 2026, checked on 3 October 2026.
- AgID, Italian strategy for artificial intelligence 2024-2026, published on 22 July 2024; AgID news archive consulted on 3 October 2026. CDP Venture Capital, fact sheet of the Artificial Intelligence Fund and 2025 annual financial report. Italia Domani, open data on the financial framework of the PNRR. Law No. 199 of 30 December 2025, 2026 budget law.
- TOP500, June 2026 list, entries for Leonardo and for Peano. EuroHPC JU, press releases on the award of LISA of 13 May 2025, on the inauguration of LISA and SOL of 11 June 2026 and on the IT4LIA contract of 22 April 2026; CINECA user documentation and CINECA quantum computing page, reread on 3 October 2026; ICSC, press release of 11 June 2026. AI4I, strategic plan 2026-2030 and press release of 16 July 2026.
- Official model cards on Hugging Face and developers' sites for Italia 9B, Minerva, Velvet, FastwebMIIA, FAMA, ANITA-NEXT, EngGPT2, Domyn-Small, Mistral Small 4, Apertus, ALIA, TildeOpen, EuroLLM, Teuken and OpenEuroLLM Prelude; Domyn, blog and press releases on Colosseum, Domyn-Large and EUROPA; NVIDIA, catalogue of microservices. Model listings of the Domyn, Sapienza NLP, Almawave and Mistral AI organisations on Hugging Face and the oellm-9b-256k-sft model card, reread on 3 October 2026.
- Press Information Bureau of the Indian government, press releases of 7 March 2024, 30 May 2025 and 25 March 2026 on the IndiaAI Mission. METI and Rapidus, press releases 2024-2026. Korea Times and Korea Herald, 10 December 2025, on the semiconductor plan; Library of Congress on the effects of the Korean framework law. Presidency of the French Republic, dossier of the summit of 11 February 2025 and Choose France dossier of 1 June 2026. NVIDIA, AMD and Amazon press releases of 13 May 2025 and AMD-Cisco press release of 19 November 2025 on HUMAIN; G42, press releases of 22 May and 16 October 2025 on Stargate UAE and news page consulted on 3 October 2026; TII, official pages of the Falcon-H1 family. Government of the United Kingdom, AI Opportunities Action Plan, UK Compute Roadmap of 17 July 2025 and report of 29 January 2026.
- OECD, "Venture capital investments in artificial intelligence through 2025", 17 February 2026. Mistral AI, press release on the Series D of 8 September 2026; European Central Bank, euro-dollar exchange rate of 18 September 2026. Stanford HAI, AI Index Report 2026, chapter 1, June 2026 version of the PDF. Istat, Annual Report 2026 and statistics on internal and international migration of 20 June 2025. MacroPolo, Global AI Talent Tracker 2.0, NeurIPS 2022 data.